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首先请参考George Chen的《CALD4使用心得》https://pdawiki.com/forum/thread-10995-1-1.html* J- H% f' M' T5 P3 X
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摘录Chen文
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/ d+ k. x ^. s; }, Q3 S a從內容看,四版與三版最大差別在常用字標示系統的變更,三版時,以 E (Essential), I (Improver), A (Advanced) 三個等級表示語料庫出現的頻率,分別是每一千萬字出現的次數為 400、200 到 400,以及 100 到 200 次。而且常用度標示的基礎是收錄詞條底下的定義,不是粗糙地標注在收錄詞條上。某個字是否常用,通常不是該字的所有定義整體一致的表現,尤其一字多義的字,可能僅只少數幾個定義常用,其他就很普通。CALD3 深入定義標示,做法精確,提供另一種不同角度的觀察方向。' t( w4 J4 i- A, F# D
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到了 CALD4,常用度標示看不到 E, I, A 的方式,取而代之的是 A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2。原來整套系統改採 Common European Framework of Reference 的定義模式,其大致架構如下:3 v7 y# i9 d" z# P9 p# U3 A
t. o" o0 b( G0 M( @& ~( FA Basic User
0 H* @$ R. y [$ ^: uA1 Breakthrough or beginner
) e5 p6 T W) L8 fA2 Waystage or elementary% s R: n" j5 ?! G
B Independent User
+ _! M7 v' h( O' a+ x8 \B1 Threshold or intermediate& i( p8 _6 f; m( Q+ u
B2 Vantage or upper intermediate* \ N' I- S5 P) w# ~( _& l
C Proficient User$ |' l5 z: ]0 |9 V" r9 `
C1 Effective Operational Proficiency or advanced
; u* W g- C5 D& _* C4 [C2 Mastery or proficiency; Z$ V" A- i1 P; q; o% d* e* Y
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每個等級的詳細定義可以參考 Wikipedia 的說明。這樣一套標準,比較是人為定義出來的,其主觀的成分自然比客觀的統計來得高些。或許,連「常用度」這名稱都不太適合這樣的設計方式。雖然,最常出現的字與最該認得的字大部分都會重疊,但畢竟兩者背後的理論架構是不一樣的。 ; G e$ c+ [: I- j1 [
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; \5 _( _# d9 c" U- c, M& p接下來就把焦點聚焦到定義上。其實,光是這重點,我花了極長時間,比較 CALD3 與 CALD4 定義文字的差別,甚至將 OALD8 的定義納入一起比較。 K) @( H& Y$ Z6 t6 P6 b/ _
) D: `, q7 C4 L8 d7 b% H新字或還在演進中的字,定義隨之更新是很自然的,如 smartphone 在 CALD3 的定義寫著 a mobile phone that can be used as a small computer,到了 CALD4 變成 a mobile phone that can be used as a small computer and that connects to the internet。要比較定義的品質,看舊字比較真實。$ k* w _$ Z/ X' g; }
" [/ B2 Q1 E/ \3 i+ Z! r Unoughties: noun[plural]
0 e. d. w$ K4 ]& S● the period of years between 00 and 10 in any century ─ CALD3
- i# T( W9 `+ S, Y7 O1 ~9 C, u$ E% h● the period of years between 00 and 10 in any century, usually 2000-2010 ─ CALD4/ x Y8 K1 j+ Z0 ^3 E
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Price 的定義,前後兩版共有的是 the amount of money for which something is sold。CALD4 多了一個 the unpleasant results that you must accept or experience for getting or doing something。
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ban: v. [T usually passive]
1 Y$ y2 f3 E4 c) o/ N, N● to forbid (= refuse to allow), especially officially ─ CALD3
8 X, p# l% d1 t B" ^$ q● to forbid (= refuse to allow) something, especially officially ─ CALD4+ ?0 A! @+ Q1 Z
三版的定義確有改進空間。. T% E5 N! l. p' d
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destiny: n.8 b& [+ f( O/ Z1 K. x- L, n
● the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and which cannot be influenced by people ─ CALD3& T6 _/ w' U/ o
● the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and is outside human control ─ CLAD43 x- U: q! [. B
四版的定義更精簡易懂。
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7 c5 E8 @4 ^. l2 M$ g- lthrash: vt. [informal]
3 W4 x! G. q$ W! H6 w0 O- g. l● to defeat someone thoroughly in a game or sports competition ─ CALD3
* s1 q) w9 t- y) p) r● to defeat someone very easily in a game or sports competition ─ CALD4$ G$ T3 h( Q- d2 _) L$ c: q
前後版語意不盡相同,稍有調整。
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implement: vt.
0 E1 h, |, F3 K; v0 J. [● to put a plan or system into operation ─ CALD3$ |! I, M' R+ N8 w: p7 k2 l/ B# R
● to start using a plan or system ─ CALD48 i& `& ^; g# y k3 e- C! e
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implement: n.
$ S( A0 n9 b: M* _8 ]● a tool which works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface ─ CALD3
2 }; X- R' T3 v; S7 W, O6 j. a' G● a tool that works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface ─ CALD44 R# A3 R1 @2 K- ^
第四版在很多原來用 which 的地方改用 that,底下 incentive 又是一例。/ z3 l* C: A) [. ` }8 A( T
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incentive: n.
+ Z& g. ?) W& K4 i4 {; V4 y! w- J● something which encourages a person to do something ─ CALD3& Z* `( I/ ~" `" R7 B( @; a4 I/ ]
● something that encourages a person to do something ─ CALD4
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allegation: n.3 c n# d6 a8 c3 d( E# d
● a statement which has not been proved to be true which says that someone has done something wrong or illegal ─ CALD3
3 p1 {2 ^ I. \: d8 ~+ k● a statement saying that someone has done something wrong or illegal that has not been proved to be true ─ CALD4
* n5 z. S2 _- S8 K8 c* G; ^0 W四版的定義改動不小,似乎也比較精準。 * }8 W) N5 X' }( Z8 [; _9 U5 y
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其他一些零星發現。將兩個單字分別截頭去尾組合成新單字,如 breakfast + lunch → brunch; net + citizen → netizen; satellite + navigation → satnav,這樣的組合字在英文裡有個特定名稱 “portmanteau word”,CALD3 雖有 portmanteau,卻沒有 portmanteau word 這詞條,第四版就收錄進來了,LDOCE5、MED2、OALD8 則早已收錄。friend 底下多了動詞,語意是 to invite someone to be your friend on a social networking,還有片語 with friends like you, who needs enemies? 另外,rumor mill, quantitative easing, … 這些媒體常用字也都在這版出現了。
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CALD4 封面特別強調 “Focus on Writing Section”,到底裡面添加什麼獨家秘笈,號稱能幫助學習者提升寫作能力?原來是印刷版中間位置附了三十頁 (C1-C30) 的 Focus on Writing 寫作要領,內容如何不必多說,我附一張這三十頁資料的目錄讓大家看,聰明的讀者不妨想想,短短三十頁要涵蓋這麼多內容,能談出有深度的見解嗎?更無法理解的是,這份三十頁的資料在光碟版裡找不到。 |
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