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首先请参考George Chen的《CALD4使用心得》https://pdawiki.com/forum/thread-10995-1-1.html
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摘录Chen文1 B: N6 G# t* ?" r" a* l
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b; z3 T" \) U3 v$ j7 L從內容看,四版與三版最大差別在常用字標示系統的變更,三版時,以 E (Essential), I (Improver), A (Advanced) 三個等級表示語料庫出現的頻率,分別是每一千萬字出現的次數為 400、200 到 400,以及 100 到 200 次。而且常用度標示的基礎是收錄詞條底下的定義,不是粗糙地標注在收錄詞條上。某個字是否常用,通常不是該字的所有定義整體一致的表現,尤其一字多義的字,可能僅只少數幾個定義常用,其他就很普通。CALD3 深入定義標示,做法精確,提供另一種不同角度的觀察方向。& Z) c. C# i( Q0 ^' L' a
6 Y/ e: ^% x- R' C4 d' ~! j9 o到了 CALD4,常用度標示看不到 E, I, A 的方式,取而代之的是 A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2。原來整套系統改採 Common European Framework of Reference 的定義模式,其大致架構如下:
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8 P" c5 H+ ~# A3 z A% XA Basic User
* m& n: m, b: ]; j2 UA1 Breakthrough or beginner
5 x( B. p# d3 H( gA2 Waystage or elementary
: U0 D- K' b' H$ v$ RB Independent User
3 }6 X& ^1 J: f0 RB1 Threshold or intermediate* y$ m/ E9 w: {0 y
B2 Vantage or upper intermediate! p8 V3 ^% n' R9 l+ K4 I# k+ E% d
C Proficient User
" I6 m& H' J; w+ u. Y0 vC1 Effective Operational Proficiency or advanced
9 z$ W9 O) o- q- U7 L$ q U% l" ~C2 Mastery or proficiency
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8 {: Q* b/ B. R" r( J每個等級的詳細定義可以參考 Wikipedia 的說明。這樣一套標準,比較是人為定義出來的,其主觀的成分自然比客觀的統計來得高些。或許,連「常用度」這名稱都不太適合這樣的設計方式。雖然,最常出現的字與最該認得的字大部分都會重疊,但畢竟兩者背後的理論架構是不一樣的。
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接下來就把焦點聚焦到定義上。其實,光是這重點,我花了極長時間,比較 CALD3 與 CALD4 定義文字的差別,甚至將 OALD8 的定義納入一起比較。1 e) e8 Y7 q9 I" ~) I* K5 V
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新字或還在演進中的字,定義隨之更新是很自然的,如 smartphone 在 CALD3 的定義寫著 a mobile phone that can be used as a small computer,到了 CALD4 變成 a mobile phone that can be used as a small computer and that connects to the internet。要比較定義的品質,看舊字比較真實。) c! H, e6 }' G; h! h# s1 V0 l$ m* {7 u
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noughties: noun[plural]
, }+ l! ]) i. y U8 W/ E4 M8 R● the period of years between 00 and 10 in any century ─ CALD3
8 M0 o) L- L: X& h' `: e& T2 A● the period of years between 00 and 10 in any century, usually 2000-2010 ─ CALD47 M& k' a- b; o& K
2 [3 a* D6 M; E$ ^1 j# \Price 的定義,前後兩版共有的是 the amount of money for which something is sold。CALD4 多了一個 the unpleasant results that you must accept or experience for getting or doing something。& c( q1 @: t4 ^8 J7 i
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ban: v. [T usually passive]
( e, ^, K* [ K6 |0 |● to forbid (= refuse to allow), especially officially ─ CALD3
4 E0 I% g* y; o/ e! w6 n● to forbid (= refuse to allow) something, especially officially ─ CALD4. w. d8 S. @+ L6 k8 z1 |
三版的定義確有改進空間。
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4 {) f6 T g4 W' Z1 c7 l$ ~6 udestiny: n.1 e8 Z _5 `% [! g# E- U6 U
● the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and which cannot be influenced by people ─ CALD3! j( D1 Q' U! l; t% m/ S, }' O
● the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and is outside human control ─ CLAD4/ a$ Z5 [- ?! ]$ @2 g
四版的定義更精簡易懂。! Y" P2 k. ?/ N( }6 h
3 d+ a. {! K# f- Sthrash: vt. [informal]
$ `* L6 E: P) m2 t● to defeat someone thoroughly in a game or sports competition ─ CALD3
- b+ R' ~0 v- Y' x● to defeat someone very easily in a game or sports competition ─ CALD49 z7 ] h6 v1 f* g7 `! u- H1 K! ]
前後版語意不盡相同,稍有調整。
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0 U6 R: {+ V0 ~- u1 k+ zimplement: vt.2 M& U3 k. ]$ T5 j8 `
● to put a plan or system into operation ─ CALD3
6 U$ ~) v: A# \( l' s! I& Z4 r● to start using a plan or system ─ CALD4
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implement: n., a3 Z g, C' q3 U$ b8 w$ [, E! ?: W
● a tool which works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface ─ CALD3
/ f; N0 G [# M0 W, p● a tool that works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface ─ CALD4
% ]2 `# h& L: \! D第四版在很多原來用 which 的地方改用 that,底下 incentive 又是一例。
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) O4 S$ S+ W: L+ mincentive: n.
& T% l0 e, L: C2 V● something which encourages a person to do something ─ CALD3
1 z' M& n; V% N& E6 g● something that encourages a person to do something ─ CALD4
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9 E# h; A) V$ m3 Gallegation: n. L: a) H# D0 S
● a statement which has not been proved to be true which says that someone has done something wrong or illegal ─ CALD3
) p2 p' N( E" z& {● a statement saying that someone has done something wrong or illegal that has not been proved to be true ─ CALD4
$ S- g' c: M6 L四版的定義改動不小,似乎也比較精準。
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; M, _! i. z- I6 c其他一些零星發現。將兩個單字分別截頭去尾組合成新單字,如 breakfast + lunch → brunch; net + citizen → netizen; satellite + navigation → satnav,這樣的組合字在英文裡有個特定名稱 “portmanteau word”,CALD3 雖有 portmanteau,卻沒有 portmanteau word 這詞條,第四版就收錄進來了,LDOCE5、MED2、OALD8 則早已收錄。friend 底下多了動詞,語意是 to invite someone to be your friend on a social networking,還有片語 with friends like you, who needs enemies? 另外,rumor mill, quantitative easing, … 這些媒體常用字也都在這版出現了。
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CALD4 封面特別強調 “Focus on Writing Section”,到底裡面添加什麼獨家秘笈,號稱能幫助學習者提升寫作能力?原來是印刷版中間位置附了三十頁 (C1-C30) 的 Focus on Writing 寫作要領,內容如何不必多說,我附一張這三十頁資料的目錄讓大家看,聰明的讀者不妨想想,短短三十頁要涵蓋這麼多內容,能談出有深度的見解嗎?更無法理解的是,這份三十頁的資料在光碟版裡找不到。 |
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