哪位大佬帮忙翻译一下这段话？谢谢！

fydy01

下面这段话里的contrary和opposite搞得人头脑发昏。哪位大佬能准确、恰当地全文翻译一下？多谢！

6 g( i$ w5 m2 f7 T5 i  P2 k: l7 WIf we take the statement All men are mortal, its contrary is Not all men are mortal, its converse is All mortal beings are men, & its opposite is No men are mortal. The contrary, however, does not exclude the opposite, but includes it as its most extreme form. Thus This is white has only one opposite, This is black, but many contraries, as This is not white, This is coloured, This is dirty, This is black; & whether the last form is called the contrary, or more emphatically the opposite, is usually indifferent. But to apply the opposite to a mere contrary (e.g. to I did not hit him in relation to I hit him, which has no opposite), or to the converse (e.g. to He hit me in relation to I hit him, to which it is neither contrary nor opposite), is a looseness that may easily result in misunderstanding; the temptation to go wrong is intelligible when it is remembered that with certain types of sentence (A exceeds B) the converse & the opposite are identical (B exceeds A).

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Nonchalant

这段话大意是关于陈述的反义、反向和对立概念的讨论。具体来说，反向(contrary)主要指一个概念或陈述的否定，反义(converse)则是指颠倒陈述中的主语和宾语，对立(opposite)则表示一种极度的对立状态。以下是我对这段话的翻译：

6 [. R: }9 m3 f4 V如果我们拿这个陈述来说："所有男人都是会死的"，它的反向是"不是所有男人都会死"，它的反义是"所有会死的生物都是男人"，它的对立是"没有男人会死"。然而，反向并不排除对立，而是将其作为最极端的形式包含在内。因此，"这是白色的"只有一个对立——"这是黑色的"，但有许多反向，如"这不是白色的"，"这是有色的"，"这是脏的"，"这是黑色的"；最后一种形式是被称为反向，还是更强调地称为对立，通常是无关紧要的。但是，将对立应用于仅仅是反向的情况（例如，将"我没打他"相对于"我打了他"，这个陈述没有对立），或者应用于反义的情况（例如，将"他打了我"相对于"我打了他"，这个陈述既不是反向也不是对立），这种不严谨可能会导致误解；当记住在某些类型的句子（如"A超过B"）中，反义和对立是一样的（"B超过A"）时，就能理解出错的诱惑。


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湛然常寂

原来用的是神器。

fydy01

Nonchalant 发表于 2023-5-20 06:43
这段话大意是关于陈述的反义、反向和对立概念的讨论。具体来说，反向(contrary)主要指一个概念或陈述的否定 ...

+ {/ A. F7 e9 O) \7 V感谢解答！但还是不太明白，可能是这段话太专业了，只有学过逻辑学的才能掰扯清楚。