|
本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2020-11-22 14:26 编辑
9 w; ]# w! J5 M* ^* x y8 N3 r. ?- N( a. Q6 L# W
irony的意思是反话,把话反着说,正的说成反的,好的说成坏的,不是为了骗人,而是为了修辞。% \# s5 n& S, R4 Y( j
. [! K* B+ ^2 `" A! Y* m9 @
说反话,跟「讽刺别人」,不是一回事。讽刺别人的时候,可以通过说反话的手段来实现,也可以不用。
" ~( ~% \! Z4 `' o& I% E9 ?
+ [2 b# Z2 @" O# f% f$ W汉语大词典「讽刺」:「以婉言隐语相讥刺」。通过其他委婉的手段批评人,也叫讽刺,不是非要说反话不可。
% G2 W+ ^3 ~; C; [* M2 `/ }
6 i: |3 p, q3 H. y+ j7 d0 u1 U英语里面,satire 才是「讽刺」,irony不是「讽刺」,irony只是「说反话」而已。这个问题,英英词典都说得很清楚:$ u+ d2 r1 [7 G6 @2 l9 h1 i" N! A
7 | r' I; k9 o$ S, m, k2 JWorld Book Dictionary! M+ H/ B' c+ D9 E: a' p) _ Y
6 q* D- {2 W8 ]. j# F- d
Irony, sarcasm, satire are humorous forms of expression. Irony consists in deliberately saying the opposite of what one means, relying on tone of voice or on context to indicate one’s real intent:
$ p# S- k0 ?3 D* Wthat noble and loyal patriot, Benedict Arnold.
) v* M5 }! c: _2 J- I/ EIn sarcasm the aim is to hurt someone’s feelings and so, whether stated ironically or not, it is always cruel and biting:
) j) p9 z5 N4 x% \& H% m. k6 WWhen a boy refers to another boy as “mamma’s little darling,” he is using sarcasm.! o0 O; } ]7 _; E
In satire the aim is to expose and attack vice or folly, using irony, sarcasm, or other forms of humor to do so:
4 W6 u v2 n" o, M) oIn “Gulliver’s Travels” Jonathan Swift makes notable use of satire.
- \ p& p$ V% @5 @3 N3 N3 ?6 }可惜英汉词典依然执迷不悟,天天给莘莘学子灌输irony=「讽刺」,灌输完了还打广告说自己「特别能解决中国学生的困惑」!!!!
8 a7 b S9 |+ v3 S% T
/ F2 u. o& Y6 {( R& p# @' u建宏e世代
: U; b6 ~( |& w- _5 e( p. y# r _1 D6 d: Y c$ p; Z5 [$ z

4 T2 p6 E2 o4 p& ]5 ]) j& Z* e释义里说是「讽刺」。跑到字辨里却变成了「反语」,莘莘学子看了怎能不崩溃跳楼?
3 b1 T6 d# \9 H' F+ i2 l! `+ X1 u4 e H4 d: e5 E- o
受此影响,苏格拉底的irony也有一堆英汉词典解释不清楚。( s6 `! q1 N9 U& Y6 u s4 O7 v
+ Q! Y4 e0 P6 |$ b2 [——————————————————————————————————————————————————
1 Q! t# G3 \* F+ \# I7 Q4 U: P5 K
s/ b/ H6 Z, ]) V! q其实irony 完全可以换用其他汉语词语来解释嘛!个个都说汉语博大精深,翻译英文的时候,「博大精深」四个字到哪里去了?
( n; n& `. W i" k9 V8 c5 u- k0 B% T8 O$ q7 h8 n; G9 a P
我主张,irony 在有的时候可以翻成「倒错」「颠倒错乱」,因为:
# e5 Q0 F: y" T0 o7 Y7 n
) ^- G1 \2 \) {5 F" y1. 英英词典解释「irony」,常常用opposite、contrary、reverse来解释,就是反了,倒了,和「倒错」意思一致。7 B' h. z6 d8 ] m$ d0 \. t- W& i8 ~
% Q# u J" {6 x新牛津: S2 p8 U3 C2 d/ q; z& p( H
4 z6 b& y% o* s* J$ `' Va state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects and is often amusing as a result
9 c, }$ C* C6 {$ _* W9 x/ H* z3 `$ m+ W4 s4 O, j% g. g, M
韦氏高阶:
+ b2 n+ O9 b% h# y1 n' M, Q, Y; p; A' b+ r9 ]8 w8 J, O
a situation that is strange or funny because things happen in a way that seems to be the opposite of what you expected
( C# J! `( I- k* I r* Z3 S! n' p9 Y' {1 k; o
Random House Webster's Unabridged:
9 C* o. X* }# t- P/ p9 j) c! m* l; p7 V
an outcome of events contrary to what was, or might have been, expected.
+ ~2 q3 `6 C$ Y5 }, h% Y6 g
$ @& b1 ~' w& G, t2 `; \7 RW3:. u9 ], y3 g" ~) \
0 q# n5 W- d& |* Ba state of affairs or events that is the reverse of what was or was to be expected : a result opposite to and as if in mockery of the appropriate result <the ~ of fate>
; y4 Z( }# G6 ^
`8 [: w6 k8 j1 {: E辞源3「倒错」:
5 z$ u1 y6 A; x$ }; V( s6 {1 C$ w* a
% X' t1 G6 j& P: r2 C
- d) B! s) T- m# O! q# I6 y" H. K9 B8 b
2 D1 X) q' s; \+ X: K5 b
. ~- i7 E/ L4 z2 J1 X
2. 英英词典几乎从来不用satire 来解释irony,但有辞书用perverse来解释irony。perverse/perversion/perversity有对译词「倒错」
) Y. s0 x: X+ a0 N# p* `6 a/ E4 Y
8 ?( @! T4 X# o7 J0 k; u0 s牛津高阶双解(第四版)
; w* w* \+ @3 E( E0 F' \; e C# }; I' F2 d/ }. k) x, f. g
situation, event, etc that is desirable in itself but so unexpected or ill-timed that it appears to be deliberately perverse ……(其本身未始不可取,但因出人意料或来非其时而似故意乖违):
: w5 B" [: w0 X# t0 w4 U8 t% `! n: A9 n- N
He inherited a fortune but died a month later; one of life's little ironies.他继承一笔遗产后一个月就死了,有点时乖命蹇吧。
1 l( b- D/ B4 V
) A7 s+ [6 Q9 w% v1 d3 Y3 ^牛津高阶4双解并没有彻底戒掉「讽刺」,但是译者显然注意到这个词的麻烦之处了,所以引入「乖违」「时乖命蹇」来调和。比张口闭口只会说「讽刺」俩字的译者强。
& m! o! X0 H* o& p/ y1 Z6 p# f/ F
( y1 Z2 Q2 j5 M5 y: i3 vConcise Oxford Dictionary 9th
5 A- U, h# q# [9 i5 A; |9 _+ _$ ?
an ill-timed or perverse arrival of an event or circumstance that is in itself desirable.
3 }! Z, E) ^. q* ? E7 k7 x# K# V
& C6 m+ @- Y) D7 U8 o- v8 m, G1 c牛津高阶4用perverse,是继承的COD。我说过了,早期的牛津高阶,跟COD很亲。
$ D) K c& I' M6 |0 z0 p g
& u9 |3 A, ]- F2 l2 ~7 DUniversal Dictionary of the English Language [Henry Cecil Wyld],说perversity:* o: V* k3 Q! `# p8 e v- t
- ~2 O+ E% a2 b' |( K7 E& K
* U! b0 ~$ ~2 a- Y; p7 d) P) z6 ?0 N P. m) }# _5 a) J
还有辞书用incongruity来解释irony。incongruity是「不一致」「不协调」,跟「错位」接近。2 ]. y# V7 v6 U6 o. c
! ^+ b7 E3 {$ e7 P- X9 Q
American Heritage Dictionary:
1 t/ I7 U8 k& [; j# x0 e* P5 V* ?& K+ d! I4 m9 g& R
Incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs 0 l/ d6 { u$ [) L1 v7 {% G' f
# m3 A- W7 C* `% v' m) m3 gMerriam-Webster:2 ~2 [3 c5 M" R9 W
/ K, n4 D/ G3 H6 [
incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the normal or expected result . v& _0 A8 }5 S4 ?
; R J. v% A* h
/ d) c6 f# G- _" _5 A8 f7 k* X% g3. 从英英词典的解释可以看出:irony的本质是「反着来」「倒着来」「说反话」,可是附加的意思可以很多,「strange/funny/amusing/sad」这些层面都可以随着上下文出现。7 n. N2 @1 ?& ?6 F9 ?- H
7 z4 E5 D# K' }) e3 w, E8 C
& x* Y. d: l% { a
7 m7 A2 U- v1 d6 t; n. [4 e( O, V3 ]( P- Y$ X) z# m: p: g8 G
2013年OED修订这个词的时候,说这词的内涵丰富着哪,干脆指示读者去翻阅书籍、论文!
( W8 n, S; F# _2 x2 [/ Z. A8 [9 @2 s+ N
For a fuller discussion see E. N. Hutchens ‘The Identification of Irony’ in ELH (1960) 27 352-63 and N. Knox The Word 'Irony' & its Context, 1500–1755 (1961).
; h0 B+ F. S1 w7 R与此相比,英汉词典的译者呆若木鸡,不知变通,看见irony只会说「讽刺」,不是很荒唐吗?!更不要说satire 才是「讽刺」,irony根本不是。( I6 I/ h4 w) E6 o* H/ f
$ v3 J# t( K# R2 I2 ]" wirony 表达「opposite、contrary」的层面,内涵简单,「倒错」有,「讽刺」没有
8 i& p3 h; \/ R: {. l2 _& {; X
* Z; D9 }# @- Q! W表达「strange/funny/amusing/sad」的层面,内涵复杂,「倒错」「讽刺」都没有
1 M: \. Q6 g, v8 A: }& E- W3 T, l# Q% F! A9 M9 U8 @
所以在翻译的时候,要想把两面都照顾到,需要看准语境,适当加一些词,比如「啼笑皆非」「又好笑又可悲又好气」
- Z' _% n3 F% z5 F( p0 X$ K8 I3 D' I, y) }; m8 m/ O, n
「命运的讽刺」,可以改说「像是命运偏跟人作对,偏跟人反着来」。也可以说「命运的嘲弄」,「嘲弄」对应英英词典释义说的mockery(as if in mockery of the appropriate result)。0 o8 m; o4 z |3 E3 J/ ~/ `
6 S# G7 K9 k3 E, s/ z下面改译一些句子:5 F; z( j# ~- i# B
7 b2 }" V2 I8 I z& TThe tragic irony is that the drug was supposed to save lives. $ T" T0 @* i6 A( s1 o' L
可悲的讽刺在于,这药本来是用来挽救生命的。
% { t$ a% t4 s1 U怎奈造化弄人,这药原本是救命用的。(「造化弄人」「命运的嘲弄」=mockery(as if in mockery of the appropriate result))' L6 r: E. u. C2 j" G M) A, I
9 y! I4 D9 [+ n* u. o- `- LThe ultimate irony is that the revolution, rather than bringing freedom, actually ended it completely.
! p9 n& M" u2 x$ k5 Q1 {. Y革命非但没有带来自由,反而是完全结束了自由,这真是莫大的讽刺。
6 I1 ?* T1 b4 l# H+ B* Q革命非但没有带来自由,反倒是彻底结束了自由,这着实荒唐透顶。(「反倒」表达「opposite、contrary」,「荒唐」表达「strange/funny/amusing/sad」)
3 c; C/ s5 c: Q' s+ y0 N; E1 @, Z3 h( c+ A
It is a nice irony that the rivalry among popes was solved by their ancient rival, the Holy Roman Emperor.0 Y* Q* @/ F5 ~7 z$ p
教皇之间的争斗竟然由他们的老对手神圣罗马帝国皇帝解决了,这简直是绝妙的讽刺。
@' p( b# ^5 q+ B. l# Z几个教皇你争我斗,最后竟然由他们的宿敌,也就是神圣罗马皇帝摆平了,这么颠倒错乱的事情,实在是绝了。(「颠倒错乱」表达两个层面)2 d( i- F2 c; Z" n; s
! m: F8 {# \/ T4 n$ o
. c0 ^. `" [$ M4 ^8 UIt was an irony that the firehouse burned.
3 _4 M+ Z0 z, T4 H" ^ {; F消防站被火烧了,这可是个讽刺。
+ S# x t+ W* z- v3 W( a消防站被火烧了,真叫人笑也不是,哭也不是。(表达「strange/funny/amusing/sad」,笑、哭本来就是反义词,隐含「opposite、contrary」)- ?2 s- V. {. s% C2 c
5 b6 c6 a6 _& d& S9 H
Opposition parties lost no time in stressing the irony of his return to power after being rejected by voters in November. & s/ a% x8 l9 g9 k* U; a- A3 t
他11月份被选民否决后再次上台, 反对党立刻对这件事的讽刺性大做文章。
/ r3 N% R: q1 p2 E2 [他11月份被选民整下来以后,再次上台执政,反对党立刻大做文章,使劲宣扬此事有多么荒诞、多么颠倒错乱。(怎么听着像是韩国瑜?)
) c6 z% Q) t1 p" f+ o5 w9 L$ v% U7 j, _# C
还有一些很简单的句子,应该是「说反话」,无奈某些英汉译者脑子里缺根弦,只知道「讽刺」:& o& D& u, e2 u' {$ L0 |
( B M; ^. I8 J% RWagner calls his program ‘the worst talk show in America,’ without a hint of irony. 8 b4 a* m) q: |. y9 ?
瓦格纳不带一丝讽刺,称他的节目是“美国最糟糕的访谈节目”。3 H) N: W8 m$ L
瓦格纳说他的节目是“全美国最烂的访谈节目”,这不是说反话。
2 w3 p6 {6 D: T& q3 h4 d3 F2 I, u; f( [7 |1 P. |, @) p
'England is famous for its food,' she said with heavy irony.
7 ?2 c9 k% r3 r7 a' ^+ K“英格兰的食物很有名哪。” 她极其讽刺地说道。
* M L5 Q) y( \“英格兰是出了名的美食多啊/英格兰菜是出了名的好吃啊。” 她故意说反话。(牛津高阶4还是「说反话」,牛津高阶8就变成了「讽刺」,可谓每下愈况……)5 S2 \* ^. i _* z
0 B9 g4 [+ d* W8 o) N/ s- U4 b0 }
7 z! Y, C7 K( c) \. C |
本帖子中包含更多资源
您需要 登录 才可以下载或查看,没有账号?免费注册
x
评分
-
2
查看全部评分
-
|