喂鸡百科上的用法有争议的英语词在中国教学中的处理

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 15:45:45

pleasantry originally meant a joke or witticism (as in French plaisanterie). It is now generally used to mean only polite conversation in general (as in the phrase "exchange of pleasantries").

21世纪似乎不接受这个意思。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 15:49:27

people and persons – Today, all major style guides recommend people.[citation needed] For example, the Associated Press and the New York Times recommend "people" except in quotations and set phrases. Under the traditional distinction, which Garner says is pedantic,[104] persons describes a finite, known number of individuals, rather than the collective term people. This debate raged towards the end of the 19th century. "Persons" is correct in technical and legal contexts.

21世纪含糊其辞，实际教学中这也是个很成问题的问题。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 15:58:14

presently – Traditionally, presently is held to mean "after a short period of time" or "soon". It is also used in the sense "at the present time" or "now", a usage which is disapproved of by many, though in medieval and Elizabethan times "presently" meant "now" (but in the sense of "immediately" rather than "currently"). RH dates the sense of "now" back to the 15th century—noting it is "in standard use in all varieties of speech and writing in both Great Britain and the United States"—and dates the appearance of the sense of "soon" to the 16th century. It considers the modern objection to the older sense "strange", and comments that the two senses are "rarely if ever confused in actual practice. Presently meaning 'now' is most often used with the present tense (The professor is presently on sabbatical leave) and presently meaning 'soon' often with the future tense (The supervisor will be back presently)."[105] M-W mentions the same vintage for the sense of "now", and that "it is not clear why it is objectionable."[106] AHD4 states that despite its use "nowadays in literate speech and writing" that there is still " lingering prejudice against this use". In the late 1980s, only 50% of the dictionary's Usage Panel approved of the sentence General Walters is … presently the United States Ambassador to the United Nations.[107] COD11 lists both usages without comment; CHAMBERS merely flags the sense of "now" as "N Amer, especially US".

21世纪似乎服从了chambers
一会儿；不久
[美国英语]现在；目前
[古语]立刻；瞬间

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 16:02:32

Quartary and quaternary. Quartary (from Latin: quartarius) is the fourth member of an ordinal number word series beginning with (primary, secondary, tertiary) and continuing with (quintary, sextary, ...).[109] Quaternary (from Latin: quaternarius) is the fourth member of a distributive number word series beginning with (singular, binary, ternary) and continuing with (quinary, senary, septenary, octonary ... centenary).[110][111]
In biology, the non-standard usage "quaternary structure" is so firmly entrenched that to refer to "quartary structure" would be unfamiliar.

21世纪都不收quartary这词。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 16:10:10

raise and rear – Some people argue that raise should not be used to mean an upbringing of a being, since raise originally meant to cause something or someone to rise, and rear meant to bring up something or someone.[112] Although raise was formerly condemned in this sense, it may now be considered standard,[citation needed] at least with regard to animals, and is common at least informally with regard to human children.

21世纪认可：
种植(庄稼)；饲养(牲畜)；养育(子女)：
He was raised in a poor family.

他是在一个贫困家庭中长大的。

They raised a flock of sheep.

他们养着一群羊。

The old farmer raised four mu of wheat last year.

这位老农去年种了四亩麦子。

born and raised也很常见。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 16:12:25

raise and rise – According to traditional rules of English grammar, "raise is almost always used transitively", whereas "rise is almost exclusively intransitive in its standard uses".

实际教学中也基本上是这样的，但21世纪也收了不及物的raise和及物的rise。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 16:14:27

refute – The traditional meaning of refute is "disprove" or "dispel with reasoned arguments". It is now often used as a synonym for "deny". The latter sense is listed without comment by M-W[113] and AHD4,[114] while CHAMBERS tags it as colloquial.[115] COD11 states that "Traditionalists object to [the use of refute as deny], but it is now widely accepted in standard English." However, RH does not mention this use at all.[116] Refute is also often confused with rebut; a rebuttal, in formal debate terms, is a counter-refutation, and it also has a specific legal sense, though like refutation, the word has taken on the informal and disputed meaning of denial.

21世纪似乎不认可，实际教学中似乎也不认可，反驳和否认还是有区别的。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 16:26:14

relatively – Literally meaning "compared with", some now use relatively to mean "moderately" or "somewhat" (perhaps in the sense of "compared to the average/expectation"). AHD4 does not list this usage at all;[117] M-W has apparently blended the two usages into one.[118]

21世纪不认可。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 16:32:48

Scottish, Scots and Scotch – Formerly, "Scotch" was used as an alternative for "Scots" or "Scottish". The current convention is as follows:
"Scottish" for most purposes, including people, animals, and things in general.
"Scots" also for people, and for identifiably human matters and institutions (e.g., the Scots, Scotsmen; Scots Law (capitalised); the Scots language, which is never "the Scottish language"; rarely Scots culture, which is more commonly Scottish culture). It appears in combining form in Scots-Irish. The Scots pine is named after Scotland, though not limited to it.
"Scotch" is sometimes (and decreasingly) used for foods produced in Scotland (e.g., Scotch salmon, Scotch tomatoes; more commonly Scottish), and always for Scotch whisky (never "Scottish whisky"). It also appears in Scotch bonnet, Scotch egg, Scotch broth and the scotch doubles tournament format (which is usually lower-cased); and in the Scotch Game or Scotch Opening in chess. Scotch is otherwise best avoided, especially as applied to people, as Scots themselves consider it offensive, including the archaic Scotchmen.

21世纪不表态。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 17:39:29

seek – This means "look for", but is sometimes used to mean "try" or "want". This usage is criticised by Fowler in the entry "Formal Words".

21世纪似乎是认可的：
vt.
寻找，寻觅：
to seek a quarrel with somebody

向…寻衅

to seek a place for drinking

找个地方喝点儿水

谋求，追求：
to seek fame and gain

追求名利

寻求，探求，研究：
to seek perfection

力求完美

谋求，图谋[后接不定式]：
to seek to convince a person

试图说服某人

要求，请求：
to seek advice from somebody

向某人请教

[废语]探索，搜索

实际教学中似乎也认可。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 17:45:11

than – Than is the subject of a longstanding dispute as to its status as a preposition or conjunction; see Than. For the disputed construction different than, see Different.

21世纪不表态，似乎是默认了。
实际教学中这似乎也是个很有争议的问题。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 17:47:12

they – Originally the third person plural pronoun, but sometimes used with a singular meaning or with a singular antecedent. The word is also used, especially in speech and informal writing, as a non-gender-specific (which makes it inclusive to more genders than male or female), third-person singular pronoun (which modern English otherwise lacks). The "singular they" has been making inroads into formal writing; for example, it was adopted by the Washington Post in 2015 as permissible as a last resort,[120] though it remains substandard according to most style guides. One option is to use dual formulations (which do exclude other genders) such as he or she, he/she, or [s]he. Another option is to rewrite, either using they in a plural construction or avoiding a pronoun altogether. Traditionally, "generic he" was used to represent both male and female, but this usage is increasingly contested. The pronouns you and one can be used in some sentences, but the former is often considered too informal, and the latter stilted, depending on context.

21世纪的意见：
pron.
[所有格 their, 宾格them, 物主代词theirs]
[he， she和it 的复数]他们，她们；它们：
They are my students.

他们是我的学生。

They are not interested in this book.

他们对这本书不感兴趣。

(泛指)人们，人人，众人；一般人：
They say he is very clever.

人们说他很聪明。

[非规范用语；置于不确定的单数先行词后，代替 he或she]他；她：
Everyone helped and it was good that they did.

每个人都来帮忙，这样做是件好事。

[口语] 那些；那些人(= those)
adj.
[英国方言] 那些(=those)
[非规范用语] 他们的(=their)
adv.
[非规范用语] [与动词 to be 连用]有
更多收起结果
以上来源于：《21世纪大英汉词典》

实际教学中，似乎还是倾向于传统用法him/his，但似乎也有了一点改变。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 17:53:23

thusly – Thusly (AHD4 suggests) was originally coined by educated writers to make fun of uneducated people trying to sound genteel.[121] The word "thusly" appears with no associated usage notes in M-W;[122] COD11 tags it as "informal", with the entry thus tagged as "literary or formal". CHAMBERS does not list the word at all, and it is unknown in British usage.[123] MAU considers it a nonword and laments that it appears in otherwise respectable writing.[124] However, thusly has diffused into popular usage.[citation needed] Some people accept it as an adverb in its own right,[citation needed] while others believe thus should be used in all cases.

21世纪的意见：
thusly ['ðʌsli]
adv. [美国口语] =thus1
以上来源于：《21世纪大英汉词典》

实际教学中似乎不提倡。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 17:54:42

unique – Some usage critics and style guides have argued that unique means only "sole" or "without equal". The AP Stylebook says "it means one of a kind. Do not describe something as rather unique, most unique, or very unique"[125] but most dictionaries do give a third meaning: "unusual", which can be qualified by, quite, very, somewhat, as in "The theme of the party was somewhat unique" (see comparison). M-W has a usage note under its entry for "unique", which says in part "Many commentators have objected to the comparison or modification (as by somewhat or very) of unique, often asserting that a thing is either unique or it is not. Objections are based chiefly on the assumption that unique has but a single absolute sense, an assumption contradicted by information readily available in a dictionary." [126] The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage is quite plain in its disagreement with the critics:
Those who insist that unique cannot be modified by such adverbs as more, most, and very are clearly wrong: our evidence shows that it can be and frequently is modified by such adverbs.[127]

21世纪收录了这个意思：
unique [ju:'ni:k]
adj.
惟一的，独一无二的；独特的
无与伦比的，无可匹敌的；出类拔萃的
珍奇的；罕见的

实际教学中似乎不提倡。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 17:55:52

urgent – The primary meaning of urgent is as a description of a pressing need. Especially in journalistic contexts, it is sometimes used by transference to describe the thing needed, or to mean "happening very soon".

21世纪似乎不认可：
adj.
紧急的，迫切的
强求的；坚持的；催逼的

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 18:00:12

whilst and while – Penguin Working Words recommends while only, and notes that whilst is old-fashioned. Cambridge Guide to English Usage and M-W's Webster's Guide to English Usage comment on its regional character, and note that it is rare in American usage.[129] It is thus safer to use only while in international English. (See the article While for further sources deprecating the use of whilst, and cautioning about uses of while.) Both whilst and amongst are excrescent inflections of the more standard while and among, and could be classified as grammatically incorrect; however, other excrescent inflections are widely accepted in Modern English (against, midst, etc.), and some others are widely encountered in both forms (amid and amidst, among and amongst). Although against has no widely acceptable alternative, mid- or middle can be substituted for some uses of midst (the stock phrase in their/our midst remains common and has no widely accepted alternative using mid or middle).

21世纪：

whilst [hwailst]
conj.
[现主英国英语]=while
[古语]直到
n.
[古语]=while

while
n.
一段时间，时间
conj.
当…的时候：
We waited while he dined.

他在吃饭，我们等他。

和…同时：
While you are up, close the door.

你要是起来就把门关上。

虽然，尽管：
While he was not poor, he had no ready cash.

他虽然不穷，却无现金。

而，然而：
The walls are green, while the ceiling is white.

墙是绿色的，而天花板是白色的。

[方言]直至；到…为止
prep.
[古语]到…时候为止；直至
vt.
消磨(时间)；(愉快而懒散地)度过(时间)(常与 away 连用)：
消磨(时间)；(愉快而懒散地)度过(时间)(常与 away 连用)：
to while away the afternoon

消磨了一下午的时间

实际教学中似乎允许用whilst，但特别正式甚至仿古。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 18:48:07

who – Some argue that who should be used only as a subject pronoun, the corresponding object pronoun being whom. Strictly speaking, using who instead of whom is substituting a subjective pronoun for an objective pronoun and hence is the same as using she instead of her (e.g., "I saw she today."). Most people never use whom in spoken English and instead use who for all cases. Those who use whom in everyday speech may recognize substitution of who as substandard. Fowler's has an extensive entry on who and whom including several quotes from major publications where whom is used incorrectly.

老问题了，21世纪似乎还是遵循传统说法的。
实际教学中，似乎除了介词在前面的，基本上全用who。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 18:49:30

whoever – This extension of who (see above) along with its object form whomever is attended by the same uncertainties as who along with whom, and is discussed in the same sources. (See the relevant section at Who.)

和上一个类似，不过21世纪似乎对这条更宽，允许引导词whoever出现在非主格的情况。

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[语言讨论] 喂鸡百科上的用法有争议的英语词在中国教学中的处理