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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2020-8-29 12:42 编辑
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: H6 F a5 t! t, a0 q8 W先说结论,「粮票」的英文可以有很多个,区别不大,英美人并不关心这些译名的高下。不过反正还是可以说说。
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3 g. {9 i( u. e《现代汉语规范词典》第2版:
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计划经济时期按定量发给城镇居民购买粮食及其制品的票证。 7 p/ {( f3 t2 o% ]- w/ h
近现代汉语辞源说:
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% D0 k3 t! t! B1 ^3 ]可见略微早于计划经济时代( h, T* I' _% _
1 t2 R7 Y& o- i: e7 s6 w4 p$ t; O新编国语日报:) b/ F8 B/ K( d) [- X; i3 [5 M
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「粮票」的重点有两个:1. 粮食不够了,所以要配给;2. 有粮票才能买粮食,没粮票,你用钱也不行。+ A+ b8 g( n8 Y2 Y4 ?. b
E0 c' a' M+ p2 Z% b+ ocoupon的一系列词是可以的,新牛津:
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& q7 A C8 W" _) V( q$ j6 B( D1.1 A detachable ticket entitling the holder to a ration of food, clothes, or other goods, especially in wartime.
W# z! v7 _' ]8 r& |; Z1 ePetrol, clothing, meat, sugar and other foods were rationed by coupons./ A, u9 d9 K P/ g: X) v8 N2 [; r
Taking ration coupons for gas and food down at the general store seemed like the most natural thing in the world.. _/ z9 J) J- e/ X
The boys he was living with sold ration coupons, so food was always available. 5 R9 |$ o; G& }, g$ n3 s2 C
最后一个例句有点意思,跟着卖粮票的人走不会饿
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在繁荣年代,coupon的主要意思是「优惠券」,朗文当代:: {, X" Y0 j% w8 H/ {) L
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a small piece of printed paper that gives you the right to pay less for something or get something free 优惠券,折价券;赠券
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/ I8 ?( S5 m( y: l; C: ea small piece of printed paper that you can exchange for something or that gives you the right to buy something at a cheaper price than normal 7 Q, J% H( I! n* g3 T; z8 U# u# N
这些ESL词典强调,手里拿coupon,要么打折,要么立减100%,这当然是繁荣年代的景象了。困难时期的意思还是看新牛津。
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voucher的一系列词也可以,W3:2 h% F: c/ U8 {' C
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coupon 2g ; specifically : a coupon issued by government to a parent or guardian to be used to fund a child's education in either public or private school N5 z' Q- L l- C
跟coupon差不多,繁荣年代「优惠券」,困难时期另说。还能特指某些个券。
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) [/ ]7 m; u* q# P, P有的人用food stamp,朗文当代:
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1 p9 j2 j0 j( W Wan official piece of paper that the US government gives to poor people so they can buy food 〔美国政府发给穷人的〕食物券,粮食券 ) J/ L2 B9 m9 Z3 j* `+ H2 |0 P! s
21世纪大英汉词典:
) h, u# A! \& [) xfood stamp [美国英语]食品券,粮票(政府发给或以低价卖给低收入者以维持最低生活标准)
0 Y; `+ e; Z6 ]% Xfood stamp不是很好,因为特指美国+穷人,跟「有粮票才能买粮食,没粮票,你用钱也不行」有点不搭。不过兴许饥饿的年代没人在乎。: q4 p0 s% c/ Q
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喂鸡百科说「ration stamp」(又叫ration coupon or ration card),里面举了印度、美国、英国、波兰的例子。我看来看去,都觉得跟「粮票」没啥特别大的区别,大约是喂鸡百科条目分得有点怪。
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food card 也能指「粮票」,新牛津:$ ]* Y" Z w; |, f5 N
" ?2 _7 }# d$ R1 R+ _/ Z4 Ufood card
1 y% L/ C' ~: q& ^% ?% }noun
7 d% t' R: }: Q/ h* b, S: mA card indicating the amount of food allowed to the holder during times of rationing; (also) a card allowing the holder to buy food to the value specified on the card. 3 E" d7 G" ]# z9 _6 m- W1 z
这词儿双解版没有,说明是新加上来的。OED也有,给了例句:
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8 t: |) H4 j# g0 E1896 Times 12 Mar. 13/3 The respondent..issued 500 food cards, but he placed them all in the hands of one man, Mr. Bouchard, and he was a member of the Radical Association.
u4 E1 X- b+ @$ s1 P, Z0 i& j1923 E. A. Ross Russ. Soviet Republic 114 In the spring of 1920 there were only eight thousand adults in Petrograd who had not taken out food-cards, i.e. had not gone to work. * U" D( o. P: I0 z# B
这词用得大概不广,不过横竖没错儿。& }+ A, i0 R8 x, e/ G2 R
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英华大词典(修订第三版)
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food card
Z7 M9 m+ v6 |# a8 i K[coupon] 粮票,饭票。 + S- k$ }' h# p
英华大词典是少见的收了「food card」的,不过注释里头把「粮票」「饭票」放在一起说,略微不妥。* r9 m# ?+ E* ]8 g: l' D5 i
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——————————————————————————————
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0 }$ A0 f" Y( W0 Y R上海话大词典「饭票」:: j1 V0 k1 m y% Y) `
8 a; |1 c( I8 L! d; q7 _) b〈名〉预先购好,到时凭以在公共食堂领取主食的票据。
, g; F; n- W2 A# t0 m- L9 j ]百度百科:
2 b( n/ G5 b! b2 e% Y8 |% _在战争时期,军队“饭票”由后勤保障系统统一发放。解放后,随着社会主义改造,由军队、生产队、工厂发放的职工饭票成为“大锅饭”的典型代表。
: |) z0 @' ?" q; r, Y改革开放后,使用“饭票”的传统依然在军队、学校、幼儿园、国营企业、部分私营和外资企业等地沿用下来,是领取食品的有效凭证,帮助组织促进员工福利,餐饮业进行消费管理。
) w3 F/ W4 e, f" e0 W* p5 ]现代汉语规范词典:& D- m' E: s2 h8 e0 z( m1 b
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(《现代汉语词典》「粮票」「饭票」都没收), [" ?% s' D: _& U
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「饭票」的主要落脚点是内部食堂,跟「饥饿」「配给」没有直接关系,但是呢,内部食堂一般不能拿钱直接买,这又跟「粮票」有点相似之处,所以说coupon啊voucher啊大概也没什么不好。
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傳世漢英寶庫:
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♥ … dug into his pocket for 伸/深入袋中摸 his rice and vegetable coupons 飯票和菜票 as 在…時 he studied the menu pasted on the wall 仔細察看貼在牆上的菜單.
~8 a" A2 O: L" x2 ^& t; eNancy Ing & Howard Goldblatt: The Execution of Mayor Yin and Other Stories from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1978
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「饭票」的英文对译是meal ticket,朗文当代:% x+ ~5 }$ [/ \& ?; h
1 q* t9 i) h! c! Ba card that you buy and then use to get meals at school or work, or at a special event〔学校﹑工作场所或特别活动中使用的〕饭票﹐餐券: M, i- u! a4 p! J
The meal ticket is $15 and includes three meals with beverages.餐券为15美元﹐包括三餐和饮料。
w# ~, x; l+ t- ]& p' R3 k! I9 [可是有的汉英词典,比如吴光华《汉英大词典》,ABC汉英,陆谷孙《中华汉英大词典(上)》,坚持说还有个「mess card」,是怎么回事呢?
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" W. Y. i4 B* A/ F, F, _; V原来mess有个意思,是「军人食堂」,新牛津:3 @: [ h! s3 k* p5 W) h
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a building or room in which members of the armed forces take their meals) L% j4 N" N, I# k& Q
军人食堂:
# E( b5 U9 j' I) f& C9 Kthe sergeants' mess.
+ q& N% a) j* U* R" s士官食堂。 8 Z& W' i5 j# ^3 V1 C8 k
军人食堂为什么能和机关内部食堂画等号?当然是因为北外汉英出版的文革年代的缘故:
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在战争时期,军队“饭票”由后勤保障系统统一发放。解放后,随着社会主义改造,由军队、生产队、工厂发放的职工饭票成为“大锅饭”的典型代表。
0 G! M _: N! j, R# w3 r% u然后【吴光华《汉英大词典》,ABC汉英,陆谷孙《中华汉英大词典(上)》】坚持抄袭、反复抄袭北外汉英不放松,就把这种文革尾巴留下来了。# ~- |! s$ P& ~9 B9 W' d( b
/ ~5 M: O4 j- s0 z这是何必呢?「mess card」没有一家英语词典收录,COCA语料库里出现频率为0,因为军人去食堂吃饭,顶多刷自己ID就行了嘛,单独发一个卡片是何苦呢?现实生活中没这事物当然也就没这说法了。
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新世纪汉英、新时代汉英、CC-CEDICT至少动了脑,把「mess card」去掉了。
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